Gun Control Proposal Essay

2013 has been embossed by recent incidents such as a Vegas shooting that ended the lives of three people, four gruesome murders in Orange County in California, and many more tragedies. It is estimated that there are 300 million guns in personal hands in the US today, many legally owned and others not (Neyfakh). Every year, close to four million guns find their way into the market (Nicolas and Nelson). This level of gun infiltration is alarming; it means that even the Supreme Court would find it hard to locate or seize these guns. Gun related violence has caused many to review their stances on the issue. In essence, gun violence is at an all-time high in the United States, as referred to by President Obama in the State of the Union Address; therefore, Unites States government should require criminal background checks for all gun sales, including those by private sellers that currently are exempt. Besides being at the top of Obama’s agenda, gun control is also an issue that has received enormous emphasis in the media. In his address, the president sought extensive support for comprehensive background checks to buy guns, an interdiction on high-capacity magazines and assault weapons. According to President Obama, the proposal will diminish the rampant gun violence in the country. This new plan aims to do the following: to seal background check escape routes to keep out guns out of the reach of criminals; to completely ban high-capacity magazines and military assault weapons, as well as other necessary steps to minimize gun violence; to guard schools and other public environments; and to improve access to psychological health services. Statistics reveal that up to forty-five percent of all households in the US have a gun in their possession (ProQuest Staff). This shows that guns are too easy to access and their abundance in the US ought to concern many Americans. Many of those who advocate for gun control measure want a total ban. They would prefer the United States to become more like her neighbor Canada. There are few guns per capita in Canada and all guns have to be registered with the national government. This approach to the ownership of firearms has many adv antages. Most of all, Canada’s rate of firearm homicide is a sixth to that of the US (Nicholas and Nelson). However, it is useless to argue for the application of the Canadian approach in the United States. Circumstances are extremely  different. It is difficult to determine whether, and to what extent, American values and culture can yield to embrace the characteristic benefits derived from Canadian-style gun control. Clearly, Americans should embrace the White House’s resolution to the propagation of gun-related bloodshed in the US. Many voters concur with the president with regards to the proposals, especially on universal background checks and harsher penalties for wrongful gun purchases. The president’s take is synonymous with that of Harry Reid, Senate Majority Leaders, who has a positive rating from the National Rifle Association (NRA). To reiterate his position on the need for gun control measures, the president cited a string of mass shootings, which have happened during his tenure. Those who listened to the State of the Union Address comprised groups of people who had been directly or indirectly affected by gun violence. Though background checks are required in the US., due to the still-increasing rates of gun violence have proven them to be ineffective because of the various loopholes which put these lethal weapons in the hands of criminals and people who suffer from mental disabilities. With the current method, anytime someone buys a gun from a federally licensed gun dealer, the dealer is required to run a check on the buyer by submitting the name to the federal database. That database consists of criminal records and mental health records as provided by federal and state courts and agencies (Feldmann). Convicted felons and those determined by the courts to be dangerously mentally ill are prohibited by federal law from buying firearms. Also, states have added their own categories of who is prohibited from buying a gun. The downside is that there are loopholes in the current federal background check system. Forty percent of all firearms purchased in the United States are sold without background checks because the guns aren’t purchased from a federally licensed firearms dealer (Neyfakh). Any purchases that fall under this category are processed without proper background checks. Despite the objections to this proposal, the rate of gun violence is increasing at such a rapid rate that the American people must prioritize in order to help prevent such tragic and avoidable events such as the Sandy Hook Elementary shooting. They must put into perspective which of the following is more important to defend: the prevention of devastating mass  shootings that have led to the homicide of over 8,583 people in 2012 through the use of extensive background checks, or the possible violation of citizens privacy (Neyfakh). This idea is already accepted by over ninety-two percent of Americans, according to a poll taken by the Huffington Post in January 2013*. If an extensive background check on Adam Lanza’s mother-the owner of the guns he used to commit the shootings of twenty-six children and teachers-the government might have been aware that her son, who has autism, may gain access to her military-grade weapons. Any skeptics must put into consideration that more time than not, public safety is more important than personal privacy in regards to gun violence prevention. In conclusion, universal and extensive background checks may be the single most important gun violence prevention measure that the government could adopt. This plan closes the loopholes which have greatly contributed to the extreme amount of gun violence in the United States. It will prevent criminals and mentally ill people from gaining access to them. Approving this form of background checks is necessary because gun violence is at an all-time high in the United States; therefore, Unites States government should require criminal extensive background checks for all gun sales, including those by private sellers that currently are exempt. Past attempts at preventing this type of violence have been proven to fail due to the various loopholes and the ever-increasing rate of gun-related deaths. It is time for the American people to take action to significantly decrease-and eventually eliminate-gun violence in the United States. Works Cited Edwards-Levy, Ariel. â€Å"Gun Poll: Background Checks Supported By 92% Of Americans.†_The Huffington Post_. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 17 Jan. 2013. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. Feldmann, Linda. â€Å"Key Omission from Obama’s State of the Union Address: Gun Control.† _The Christian Science Monitor_: 15. Jan 26 2011. _The Christian Science Monitor; Los Angeles Times; National Newspapers Core._ Web. 13 Feb. 2013 . Neyfakh, Leon. â€Å"Who Guns Really Kill.† Boston Globe. 20 Jan 2013: K.1. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 13 Feb 2013. Nicholas, Peter, and Colleen McCain Nelson. â€Å"Obama Urges Action on Expansive Agenda.† Wall Street Journal. 13 Feb 2013: A.1. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 13 Feb 2013. ProQuest Staff. â€Å"Topic Overview: Gun Control.† ProQuest LLC. 2013: n.pag. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 13 Feb 2013.

English as a World Language Essay

The global spread of English over the last 50 years is remarkable. It is unprecedented in several ways: by the increasing number of users of the language, by its depth of permeation [â€Å"pE:mI’eISn] into societies and its range of functions. There is a model consisting of 3 circles proposed by B.B. Kachru in 1982 in order to describe regional varieties of English. The 1st or inner circle includes people who speak English as their vernacular language (200-400 mln speakers).The outer circle includes people who live territories colonized by Britain and USA (India, Nigeria). And the expanding circle includes the rest of the world which is learning English. English is used for more purpose than ever before. Over 70% of the worlds scientists read English. About 85% of the world’s mail is written in English. And 90% of all information in the world’s electronic retrieval systems is stored in English. There are several basic characteristics of the English language which make it so popular. 1) The simplicity of form. It has no many inflections to show singular and plural, tense, person like in German, Russian and French. Verbs have very few inflections and adjectives do not change according to the noun. 2) Flexibility. As a result of loss of inflections English has become a very flexible language. Without inflections the same word can operate as many different parts of speech. Many nouns and verbs coincide in form. Adjectives can be used as verbs. 3) Openness of vocabulary. This involve the free admissions of words from other languages and easy creation of compounds and derivatives. Most world languages have contributed some words to English. Though English is a world language there are some ideas of creating a lingua franca which will be the vehicle for international communication. Such a lingua franca can become Esperanto. Created in 1887 by Ludvig Zamenhof as a means of unifying the whole world it’s spoken by 8 mln people all over the world. It’s taught at schools in China, Hungary and Yugoslavia. There are some advantages of Esperanto as a 2nd language. -It’s easier to learn (Esperanto has 16 rules and no exeptions). -It’s a neutral language. It has no political or cultural bias. -It saves money because 55% of expenses in all international organizations are spent on interpreters and translators. But nevertheless English which began 1500 years ago as a rude language now encompasses the world. There is no reason to believe that any other language will appear within the next 50 years to replace English. However it is possible that English will not keep its monopoly in the 21st century. A small number of languages may form an oligopoly – each with special area of influence (Spanish for example). English has been an international language for only 50 years. Geographically it’s the most widespread language on Earth, second only to Mandarin Chinese in the number of people who speak it. It’s the language of business, technology, sport and aviation. This will no doubt continue although the proposition that all other languages will die out is absurd.

Black Music In America Essay Research Paper

Black Music In America Essay, Research Paper Black Music in America: A History Through Its People Tahirah Carter by James Haskins Intro to Music I have decidedly learned allot about the Development of American Music in this category. I found it to be really challenging. So when I was faced with the job of make up ones minding which book I would make my study on, I chose Black Music in America by James Haskins. This book gave a elaborate history of non merely the music genres but it? s performing artists. We already know that American music is made up of music from many different types of cultural backgrounds. What gives this book a plus is that it highlights some other facets of American music, and its performing artists. The points and events that truly caught my attending were the concert vocalizing, Minstrelsies, Jubilee vocals, and brass sets. Born as a slave, a miss by the name of Elizabeth Greenfield moved to Philadelphia. She moved at that place with her Mistress and her parents. Fortunately while in Philadelphia they were set free. At the age of 42 she moved to buffalo New York in order to ship onto new chances as a vocalist. When she reached New York chance came strike harding. She began a calling of concert vocalizing. With a scope of three and one one-fourth octaves you would believe that chance kept knocking, but it didn? T. Therefore she moved to Europe where she would acquire the attending and recognition that was due to her. While in Europe Elizabeth was shown great grasp for he endowment? Even Queen Victoria demanded that she performed for her at the Buckingham Palace. On the history of Elizabeth making so good in Europe, She gained newfound popularity in the provinces. As you see, it wasn? t easy for inkinesss to do a life in the U.S. That forced inkinesss to either perform in Europe or the northern provinces of the U.S.. Some inkinesss even had to fall back to executing in Minstrelsies. Minstrelsies started out as an avenue for Whites that were seeking to ship on new and exciting civilization. At this clip America was free from Britain. Since white America no longer was attached to Britain, they ventured out to derive a sense of American civilization. White folk singer really used to see plantations to analyze the manner inkinesss interacted with each other. For their public presentations, these white Folk singers would take coal and colourise their faces black. Their public presentations consisted of skits, including dance and music, which imitated inkinesss. Initially minstrelsies weren? T brought about with the pure purpose of jabing merriment at Blacks. But after the Civil War things changed. White persons stopped sing the plantation for new s tuff. They began to utilize the same negative stuff over and over once more. This is what gave birth to many of the Stereotypes that African Americans are victim to, even until this really twenty-four hours. James Bland was one of the African Americans whom got his pes in the door by executing and composing in the black face Minstrelsy. After being a portion of white minstrelsies, Bland finally had the chance to play in an all black Minstrel called Haverly # 8217 ; s European Minstrel Show. After the performing artists departed from that group, Bland decided to remain in Europe While populating in Europe Bland was allowed to execute in shows without holding to set on the? darky face. He became highly popular. Finally he returned to the U.S. where he couldn? t tantrum in because American Music had taken a bend since the clip that he left. Bland managed to chant down the black idiom and beat in his public presentations. That may in fact be the ground why at one clip he was so successful. Another group of people that besides tried to sing ( what I? ll call ) ? acceptable? music are The Fisk Jubilee Singers. They were a posh group of vocalists that started out with the purpose to raise money for their school. They began with the program to sing choruses, couples, solos and other? acceptable? signifiers of American Music. Over clip, with the influence of their wise man George White, they began to sing Negroes spirituals. On their first circuit to Europe they sang before Queen Victoria and her royal household. Due to the predominately white audiences hungriness for Old Negroes Spirituals, the Fisk Jubilee vocalists were able to raise a big sum of money for their school. Another sector of the Black music history that I think is extraordinary is the brass set sector. I already knew that the stoping of the civil war made brass set instruments accessible. But what I didn? T know is that another thing that helped popularise brass sets was the regulation of New Orleans that restricted harlotry to black vicinities. This caused? between 15 hundred and twenty two hundred cocottes to put up store in an country that became known as? Storyville? . Even though? Storyville? wasn? t great in morality it was great economically for New Orleans. It made it possible for many concerns to boom. Among those concerns were? Sporting? houses. These? Sporting? houses employed Brass Bands. Brass bands besides played funerals, amusement Parkss, and other community events. Buddy Bolden, a wind innovator, led rather a few New Orleans Brass Bands. During this clip the Creoles and the inkinesss had no pick but to incorporate. Creoles hadn? T truly valued black music, and inkinesss knew that it wasn # 8217 ; T appreciated. Nevertheless that didn? t halt them from playing their Black Marias out. In fact that prompted them to play every bit loud as possible in order to overpower the Creoles. Buddy Bolden was one of the inkinesss that had the ability to make merely that. Along with his strong sound that he strived for, he improvised standard ragtime and blues pieces. Unfortunately he didn? Ts have every bit much control over his life that he had over his trombone. He became an alky, contracted syphilis so finally die in a mental establishment. I? m sorry to state that he died without cognizing his part to the development of what we now call wind. I made a witting determination to foreground the information in this book that I had neer read about in the yesteryear. On the contrary you should cognize that this book contains really elaborate information on the parts of black American music history that is popular in today # 8217 ; s society. It covers everything from slave vocals to Motown. Check it out! Bibliography Black music in America by James Haskins

External Environmental Analysis CS 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

External Environmental Analysis CS 2 - Essay Example ecommended the company management that they should increase their corporate social responsibility activities so that the involvement of the local community increase and so the profit of the company. The strategic management process of a company involves the analysis of the internal environment of the company as well as the external environment. For analyzing the external environment of the company the business analyst need to do the analysis of the current scenario of the market which includes the economic analysis, political scenario analysis as well as the analysis of the contemporary technology. This paper is an attempt to analyze the external environment of the Coca-Cola Company which is a soft drink manufacturer, and the NAICS code is 312111 (NAICS, 2011). For analyzing the external environment the researcher is going to use two frameworks, the porter five forces analysis and the PEST analysis. Using the tool an analyst can identify the forces that driving the competition in the industry (Stahl and Grigsby, 1997, p.145). There are five dimensions of the porter five forces model. The analysis of the company using the porter five forces tool is as follows. Competition in the Industry: The competition among the industry is mainly between Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Only these two companies are present in about 200 countries of the world. Others are the small local or global competitors. Coca-Cola and Pepsi are holding major percentage of share in the beverage industry. So the competition in the industry is medium as per the analysis of the researcher. The threat of the substitute products: The threat of the substitute products is medium. Fashionable drinks like red bull and Belgian beer are the competitors and the promotional strategy of these companies are aggressive. There are also some low pricing brands so the switching cost is lower. But due to the brand image of Coca-Cola the threat is low. Bargaining power of the customers: The bargaining power of the

Modern Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Design - Assignment Example It is important to explain that during this period, United States was experiencing an element of consumerism. This is whereby the society is characterized by the consumption of products and goods. There was the emergence of the new media and advertisement in this period. This is because companies were seeking to promote their products, just after the Second World War. The use of radio remained as a major method that companies could advertise their products; this is in the 1940s. This was able to promote a luxurious lifestyle, majorly because people could become aware of the emergence of new products that could be used to promote their personal well-being (Raizman, p. 267). By the end of the 1940s, the television emerged as one of the important modes or channels of communication and advertisements. The acquisitions of TV sets began in 1946, and by 1952, more than a third of the citizens of United States were able to own and operate TV sets. Companies that were constantly advertising through the use of the television include Esso, Firestone Tires, and Pan American Airways. These were companies that were promoting luxurious living. Take for example Firestone Tires. This company was promoting tires that could be used in automobiles, and this is an aspect of comfortable living. The development of the FM broadcasting also played a significant role in p romoting comfortable living in America, Italy, Scandinavia and Britain. This is because they were able to promote the products of various companies. This period also saw the emergence of Sunday Magazine, an affiliate of New York Times. This was a major tool that enabled companies to advertise their products. This was specifically in the fashion industry, where fashion companies were seeking to promote the development their new brands. For instance, this type of modernism played a great role in the promotion and rise of American and European designs. For

Lab report peer review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lab report peer review - Assignment Example In figure 2 the COSY and H NMR data for unknown 2 shows a structural representation known as 4-heptanone. FEEDBACK: Yes, there is a good transition between the paragraphs. The information flow from one paragraph leads to the analysis of the next one. Together, the paragraphs sustain an argument, for example, paragraph 1 that introduces the thesis statement is followed logically with paragraph 2 that analyzes unknown 1 to completion before introducing analysis of unknown 2 in paragraph 3. FEEDBACK: There is a remarkably smooth integration of examples by the author into the argument. The connections between the evidence cited and the ideas supported are also quite clear. For instance, in each of the three cases of unknowns, the author illustrates the number of carbon/proton chains that produce the structure of the peaks that help in identifying the figures. The author supports the findings with appropriate figures. FEEDBACK: The other problems are not spotted. Only clichà ©s are used in the paper. Examples are â€Å"†¦in conjunction with†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in paragraph 1 and â€Å"†¦pentane chain which mirrors each side†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in paragraph 5 (Pavia, Pg

Analyze why people are so passionate about sports Essay

Analyze why people are so passionate about sports - Essay Example The craze about football, for instance, is common knowledge to fans and non-fans alike. People have passion in sports for the love of it, but most importantly, because it is enjoyable, entertaining and relaxing. The level of passion in football is quite high. Many are the instances when fans express dejection and anger when their favourite teams succumb to defeat. Passionate fans will go mad when they hear the words â€Å"after all, it was just a game.† Those who have no idea how painful it is to lose a game speak such statements. Probably they are not aware that football is a source of inspiration for most people just as books are to others. Passionate fans revere their players and teams. To them, nothing is as sweet as their teams getting to the top of the rankings where the smell of victory is strongest. English Premier League (EPL) fans are known to express this kind of passion. Some end up committing suicide following massive losses. Football games are an integral part of passionate fans. It is quite annoying to hear comments like â€Å"what is the fuss all about?† Anyway, it is wrong to blame people who have little understanding of passion or emotions. Vallerand et al. (1279) argue that there may be differences in modes of expressing passion across the world but the football language remains one. This language makes passionate fans similar in a number of ways These similarities best explain why people may be passionate about football. Living the experience of football is the most essential requirement of being a passionate fan. Mere spectating does not suffice. One has to be part of the whole experience. A passionate fan has to attend most of his or her team’s matches. My father once shocked me when he said, â€Å"If I miss a Chelsea game I may not concentrate at work for a week or so.† Moreover, being a passionate fan invites the duty of emotional engagement with the team to make the team perform well. However, fans who attend away

Obesity in Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Obesity in Children - Essay Example An increase in body mass index (BMI) and percentage ideal body weight are good predictors of morbidity, some researchers suggest that visceral obesity represents a variant that is more closely related to excess morbidity. Daniels states that obesity-problems and diseases "once thought applicable only to adults are now being seen in children and with increasing frequency. Examples include high blood pressure, early symptoms of hardening of the arteries, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary disorder, and disordered breathing during sleep" (Daniels 2006, 47). Following Wadden and Stunkard (9) blood volume is increased in obesity in proportion to the increased body mass. Because blood volume increases with obesity proportionally more than does cardiac output, even simple obesity is a volume expanded state. Even in simple obesity, cardiac stroke volume and pulse rate are increased in line with the hypervolaemic conditions mentioned above. Obese patients with co-morbidities have cardiac dilation and hypertrophy demonstrable by echocardiography (Hills 82). ECG diagnosis of hypertrophy is more problematic because of the effect of thickening of the chest wall. Some studies suggest left ventricular mass index is proportional to BMI, others that it is more closely related to percentage of body weight over ideal weight. However, as the strain on the heart persists both impaired systolic function and diastolic function typically develop (Glanz and Sallis 2006). Obesity can impact on lung function, with excess central fat deposition producing a restrictive pulmonary abnormality and increased work of breathing. As a result, respiratory complaints are common in subjects with obesity and conditions such as asthma are often overdiagnosed in obese patients. Obesity is also linked to breathing disorders during sleep, such as sleep apnoea and nocturnal hypoventilation (Wadden and Stunkard 92). Fast food, unhealthy behavior patterns and lack of physical activity lead to increased obesity in children. As the most important, "the industry markets heavily to children with the goal of fostering a fast-food habit that will persist into adulthood" (Murphy, 2000). As with adults, it is critical that children who are overweight or obese at minimum achieve the recommendations of physical activity for health for their age. Two consensus conferences held during the last decade have addressed the activity needs of young people. Achieving standard recommendations has been even more difficult with children than with adults (Hulls 43). The main problem is that children can show deterioration in their health due to low activity levels, because there has been insufficient time, and therefore there are no strong epidemiological endpoints on which to establish relationships (Daniels 2006). As well as reinforcing physical activity behaviors, reducing access to sedentary life style can increase activity levels in obese children. There is a close link between sedentary living (such as the amount of time spent watching television) and obesity, than physically active pursuits and obesity (Karen et al 2005). Helping children make permanent, healthy changes to their eating

12 Years A Slave Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

12 Years A Slave - Movie Review Example Ruthless slave masters such as Edwin Epps go as far as reading scriptures to the slaves. He quotes the book of Luke as he warns the disobedient servants â€Å"shall be beaten with many stripes.† Further, as a bad harvest looms, he blames the slaves as he attributes it to an Old Testament plague. With this reason, he sends away the slaves for a season until such a time that his crops will find favour in God’s eyes. In the course of slavery, Northup and fellow slaves console themselves in slavery. In moments of despair and pain, they sing spiritual hymns with profound sense of acceptance and surrender. Essentially, the Christian teachings do not support the ways and modes of slavery. According to Walter (4), it proved to be problematic as he tried to compare influence of religion on the attributes of slavery. His research compared the northern and southern states of antebellum in America.in his book ‘The church and slavery† Albert Barnes claims the general cou rse of the churches has been against slavery and that slave holders were a minority among the Christians. The churches would eventually detach themselves from slavery leading to its abolition. Cruelty in the film is given a grim picture in the event that Northup is made to mete out punishment to Epps’ prized slave girl. He is made to whip Patsey and portrayed as an inverted Christ figure. When confronted on his actions, Epps says there is no sin and justifies that a man can do what he wishes with his slaves.

Week 5discusiions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5discusiions - Essay Example An active that will lead to weight loss is a treatment procedure. Therefore, an expense incurred during the weight loss process becomes a permitted deduction. However, the deductions must be more than 10% of the Annual Gross Income of the taxpayer (U.S Department of the Treasury, 2015). Furthermore, the taxpayer should not appear as a dependent on another person’s tax returns. A client who owns stocks can fund qualified organizations through appreciated securities in the stock market. The decision to sell the appreciated shares means that the client will forego the capital gains associated with them. The client will forego the capital gains and tax liabilities, but will include them as potential deductions. Furthermore, the deduction will be on the prevailing market value. However, when the qualified group is receiving the stock and wants value for money, they will have to cash the shares. Since the organization is non-profit, it would not be liable to tax liability associated with capital gains. For instance, consider a client with appreciated securities of 10,000 with a market value of $45. The client decides to offer the stock (10,000) to a qualified organization. They can deduct $45,000 as part of the potential deductions. They will have contributed the appreciated shares, and realized gains through the

Student Assessment Essay Example for Free

Student Assessment Essay A current policy issue that is plaguing our educational system is the emphasis put on student assessments. Teachers are at odds in their classrooms on whether to teach the necessities that students will need to be productive in our society, to simply teach what will be tested on state and federally mandated assessments, or both. Teachers are forced to find a balance within their instructions due to the time restraints that stand in their way. When teachers are able to find this balance and present all the concepts that are included in assessment, plus all other concepts, the results from the assessments can be very beneficial to their classrooms. Assessment results have important implications for instruction. The primary aim of assessment is to foster learning of worthwhile academic content for all students (Wolf, Bixby, Glenn, Gardner, 1991). School communities use assessment results in a formative way to determine how well they are meeting instructional goals and how to alter curriculum and instruction so that goals can be better met. But if what schools assess and how schools assess do not match what is taught and how it is taught, then the results are meaningless, if not potentially harmful. Theres also potential for harm when decisions affecting students futures are being made based on results of assessments made with tools that are not appropriate for the purpose. Some schools are attempting to change assessment to match the content and format of instruction, and are therefore relying more upon alternative assessment. Alternative assessments include performance-based assessment, portfolios, student-designed assessments, etc. , and are considered by many educators to be more reflective of new curricular goals and methods of instruction. Some educators view alternative assessment as a better way to determine how well students are learning traditional forms of assessment like multiple choice tests. Alternative forms of assessment might best serve some of these purposes while more traditional forms could still serve others. Regardless of the purpose, however, the form of assessment used must reflect a teacher’s instructional goals and must be of high technical quality. (White Fredericksen, 1994) Alternative forms of assessment require knowledge and skills that most teachers have not had the opportunity to learn, which in fact poses another issue with these types of classroom assessments. Without the knowledge and skills, teachers will be doing their students a disservice by conducting faulty assessments. Providing teachers with the time that is essential for learning is necessary to making changes in assessment practices. Teachers need time to produce and implement the assessments. Teachers also need time to work with one another to share ideas and reach consensus because integrating instruction and assessment requires coordination. Alternative assessment will not be effective if it is added to the list of responsibilities for teachers. (North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, 1991) When assessment results are used to make important decisions, there is a danger that instruction will narrowly focus on what is assessed while other important curricular goals and content are neglected (Romberg, Zarinnia, Williams, 1989). All assessments include only a sample of the total content contained within a curriculum. Critics of multiple-choice tests, for example, suggest that the skills usually assessed by multiple-choice testing become the focus of instruction at the expense of more substantial content. Alternative assessment presents a solution to this situation by ensuring that the content of the assessment matches the most important content in the curriculum. However, regardless of how much the content of an assessment is improved, when teachers narrowly focus on what is tested, the assessment results will only reveal the students learning of the test content, not whether they could perform a related task in a different environment. For example, if instruction is focused on a skill that is a test requirement, the results of the test will reflect only the students performance in a testing environment, not his/her general ability to perform that skill in everyday settings. This limitation is primarily a concern in large-scale districts or state testing situations where important decisions are based on a limited sample of student performances. The most important factors in determining the technical quality of assessments are the assessments’ reliability, validity, and fairness. If the quality of an assessment is not ensured, grouping practices, and coverage and pacing decisions may be based on invalid estimates of students capabilities. Sometimes grouping decisions can reflect or reinforce racial and socioeconomic inequities, or the decisions might be based on prior achievement that was artificially low due to past limited opportunities to learn. If all students have not had an equal opportunity to learn, then grouping and pacing decisions based on test results are unfair. (North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, 1991) Good assessment requires minimizing factors that could lead to misinterpretation of results. The criteria for meeting this requirement are reliability, validity, and fairness. Reliability is defined as an indication of the consistency of scores across evaluators or over time. An assessment is considered reliable when the same results occur regardless of when the assessment occurs or who does the scoring. There should be compelling evidence to show that results are consistent across raters and across scoring occasions. (Elliott, 1994) Validity is defined as an indication of how well an assessment actually measures what it is supposed to measure. Three aspects of an assessment that must be evaluated for validity are tasks, extraneous interference, and consequences. Every assessment requires students to complete some task or activity. A valid task should reflect actual knowledge or performance, engage and motivate students to perform to the best of their ability, be consistent with current educational theory and practice, be reviewed by experts to judge content quality and authenticity. Extraneous interference occurs when there is something in the assessment that might get in the way of students being able to demonstrate what they know and can do. A valid assessment does not require knowledge or skills that are irrelevant to what is actually being assessed. Some examples of these might include students’ ability to read, write, role-play, or understand the context, personality, physical limitations, or knowledge of irrelevant background information. Valid assessments also minimize unintended negative consequences. Negative effects of assessments might include restricting curricula to what can be easily assessed, communicating unintended messages about power, control, or social status, and fostering narrow images of the nature of a particular discipline. (Elliott, 1994) Fairness means that an assessment should allow for students of both genders and all backgrounds to do equally well. All students should have equal opportunity to demonstrate the skills and knowledge being assessed. The fairness of the assessment is jeopardized if bias exists either in the task or in the rater. (Elliott, 1994) In this atmosphere of reform, student assessment is the centerpiece of many educational improvement efforts. Policymakers hope that changes in assessment will cause teachers and schools to do things differently. Assessment reform is viewed as a means of setting more appropriate targets for students, focusing staff development efforts for teachers, encouraging curriculum reform, and improving instruction and instructional materials. (Fuchs, 1994) Many educators and policymakers believe that what gets assessed is what gets taught and that the format of assessment influences the format of instruction. Contrary to our understanding of how students learn, many assessments test facts and skills in isolation, seldom requiring students to apply what they know and can do in real-life situations. Standardized tests do not match the emerging content standards, and over-reliance on this type of assessment often leads to instruction that stresses basic knowledge and skills. Rather than encouraging changes in instruction toward the engaged learning that will prepare students for the 21st century, these tests encourage instruction of less important skills and passive learning. (Fuchs, 1994) Since the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is the only national representative and continuing assessment of what Americas students know and can do in various subject areas, it seemed to be the most obvious choice for exploration. In exploration of this policy, research will be conducted to find out how affective it is within our country. The terms of this policy requires that assessments be conducted periodically in mathematics, reading, science, writing, the arts, civics, economics, geography, and U. S. history. Because of the issues of assessment, NAEP’s assessment will be probed to find if they are reliable, valid, and fair being that it serves as a type models for all other assessment practices. Under the current structure, the Commissioner of Education Statistics, who heads the National Center for Education Statistics in the U. S. Department of Education, is responsible by law for carrying out the NAEP project. The National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB), appointed by the Secretary of Education but independent of the Department, sets policy for NAEP and is responsible for developing the framework and test specifications that serve as the blueprint for the assessments. The National Assessment Governing Board develops the frameworks that provide the theoretical basis for the assessment and specific direction for what kinds of knowledge and skills should be assessed, how the exercises should be designed, and how student responses should be scored. These frameworks are the result of comprehensive efforts in which teachers, curriculum experts, policymakers, and members of the general public worked to create a unified vision of how a particular subject ought to be assessed. This vision is based on current educational research on achievement and its measurement, and good educational practices. (National Center for Education Statistics) References Berk, R. A. (1993). National Trends in Student and Teacher Assessment: Issues in Performance Assessment. Retrieved January 17, 2008 from http://nesonline. com/PDFs/1993_05Berk. pdf Elliott, S. N. (1994). Creating meaningful performance assessments: Fundamental concepts. Reston, VA: The Council for Exceptional Children. Fuchs, L. S. (1994). Connecting performance assessment to instruction. Reston, VA: The Council for Exceptional Children. National Center for Education Statistics. NEAP Overview. Retrieved on January 20, 2008 from http://www. nces. ed. gov/nationsreportcard/about/ North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, PBS Elementary/Secondary Service, in partnership with the National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (UCLA/CRESST) (1991). Schools That Work: The Research Advantage. Part IV: Alternatives for Measuring Performance. Oak Brook, IL: Authors. Romberg, T. , Zarinnia, A. Williams, S. (1989). The Influence of Mandated Testing on Mathematics Instruction: Grade Eight Teachers Perceptions. In Romberg, T. Wilson, L. (1992, September), Alignment of Tests with the Standards, Arithmetic Teacher, 40 (1), 18-22. White, B. Y. Fredericksen, J. R. (1994, Fall). Using Assessment to Foster a Classroom Research Community. Educator, 19-24. Wolf, D. , Bixby, J. , Glenn, J. , III, Gardner, H. (1991). To use their minds well: Investigating new forms of student assessment. Review of Research in Education, 17, 31-74.

A House to Remember Essay Example for Free

A House to Remember Essay I have moved in and out of many houses throughout the years, but none of them were as important to me as the house in which I grew up. I must admit that this house, although enormous, was neither the nicest nor the most comfortable house, yet my nostalgic nature has propelled me to treasure that house above all others. Having parted it for almost ten years, some details of the house are out of my grasp. The memory of the house now stands as a symbol of my childhood. It is the only place that I remember nothing but pure happiness, suffused with youthful innocence and carefree laughter that would never fade. The front yard of the house was a vacant space with a large concrete sink conspicuously imposed in one corner. Grandma used to stand upon the red brick pavement in front of this sink every morning; cleaning vegetables for meals, washing clothes from the day before, or scrubbing pots and bowls in soapy water. When grandma was doing her chores at the sink, I would stagger into the yard with my little green wooden chair dragging behind, set it a few feet from grandma, sit down and watch her hands maneuver among the items with fascinated eyes. Every now and then, along the clanks of hardware, some bubbles struggled free of gravity and rose into the air. That was when I would routinely utter an excited yelp and kick back my chair to chase the bubbles, which reflected sunlight more colorfully than crystal balls in the cheerful crisp mornings. If I were lucky, grandma would give me a little basin with water and a few drops of dish soap in which to play with. The procedure was always the same: I lowered my face almost to the surface of the water, intently stared at the spreading yellow solution without a blink, as if to hurry the process. As soon as the solution faded into the water, I shoved my hands into the basin and gave the water a fanatic stir, laughing,  panting, as shiny bubbles magically foamed in the entire basin. Most of the time, I could scoop up the bubbles with both hands and blow at them as hard as I could. The aftermath was predictable, bubbles were everywhere: in the air, on the ground and over my face. At this point, grandma would turn around to look at me with feigned solemnity. After helping me wipe soap away from my face, she retreated into the house to prepare lunch, while I sat alone in the yard, watching bubbles pop in a hurried manner. The refreshing lemony scent of the soap lingered in the air long after the bubbles were gone. Around noon, the hunger pain in my stomach and the delicious smell of food from kitchen attracted each other like opposite sides of a magnet. Without knowing, I was already tripping over the tall threshold that led to the living room. The living room was the dominant structure of this ancient house. It was profusely furnished with mahogany antiques that had carvings of dragons, phoenixes and other traditional Chinese symbols on it signifying its venerable history. The room itself was equally old; the whitewash on the walls was starting to peel, the red paint on the wooden doors appeared rather flaky. I would usually stop at the giant gate of the living room to peel off a few flakes of paint from its already-marred surface. But the need to go to the kitchen appeared more urgent to me at that moment. The kitchen was a moderately sized cubicle positioned at the rear of the living room. Squares of tidy white tiles covered its lower half of walls and floor. The kitchen counter and the stoves were lined up against the inner side of the wall. It seemed to me that grandma always had something cooking on the stoves, thus constantly diffusing the house with a faint yet pleasant aroma. The counter was home to a large collection of kitchen utensils; from plain enamel bowls to elegant porcelain plates, from iron woks to stainless steel pots, all of which had found their righteous place on the counter and lined up haughtily. The most repulsive piece was the pressure cooker, but for some reason grandma loved to use it. I remember countless times when I watched in awe at this strange apparatus restlessly ejecting streams of white vapor from a revolving black knob, while making incessant hissing sounds, loud and repelling, as if foretelling some imminent danger. Lunch was held at the little round table placed in the center of the kitchen. Usually, grandma would be at the table as I entered the room, kitting, strings of wool ascending tirelessly out of a basket near her feet as she skillfully transformed them into garments. While I climbed into a chair next to her, she would lay down her needlework atop the colorful balls of wool and start transporting plates of food to the table under my anticipatory watch. As soon as my bowl of rice arrived, I would launch a ravenous attack into the foods; chopsticks clicked hungrily amongst the different dishes as I mounted palatable delicacies on top of my steamed rice. In contrast, grandma ate her meal with suaveness; she had told me rules like dont eat with your mouth open dont make noises when you eat, but they were luckily never enforced (at least not then). Slow down, she would say benignly, watching me munch on my mouthful. I would mumble something in reply, but kept on devouring my favorites. Despite all these, my avarice still had its payback on me, I was never able to finish all the foods I hoarded in my bowl, thus by the end of each meal, I could find myself begging for grandmas pardon. Im so full. I whined, meanwhile searching for traces of relent on grandmas face. You shouldnt waste food, the farmers worked hard for those. Grandma said sternly. I wont next time, I promise. Alright then, just go take your nap. Upon the hearing of this acquittal, I slipped out of my customized tall chair at once and started to scurry to the master bedroom, which was located on the left side of the living room, a few feet from the dinning table. Once inside the bedroom, I immediately approached the main attraction an old 18-inch colored TV that was placed on a tarnished cabinet. With great eagerness, I reached my arms upward and stretched my body to its fullest extent; my fingertips fumbled among a row of smooth buttons. Finally, I felt  the round indent I was looking for and pressed it laboriously. Loud voices from the TV suddenly filled the entire room; I slouched heavily into grandmas oversized bed with relief and gasped for air, as if I had finished racing with a neighboring kid. But a minute later, I was already comfortably reclining against the bedrail and enjoying the exuberant cartoons. I would stare for a long time at this little black box with uttermost attention until sleepiness prevailed. The images were no more than blobs of colors and the voices were reduced into a vague humming sound as I slowly drifted into a deep sleep. When I woke up again, the fierce afternoon sunlight has softened into a tinge of warm orange. I could hear noises in the living room as my parents and grandpa returned from work. With a sudden jolt, I swung myself out of bed and wobbled hastily into the living room. There, everyone was already seated around the large dining table. Still a bit hazy from sleep, I found myself a spot between my parents, snuggled against them obsequiously in order to receive trinkets they have brought me. Dinner soon ensued; I played with my new toys heartily as the adults chatted and joked, occasionally laughing along with them at some jokes that I could not then comprehend. Congenial happiness was written on everyones face, which shined brightly under the white florescent light The house has vanished among the tides of citys reconstruction, but the reminiscence I have of it will never fade. I envisioned my mind as a vast coastal beach; passing time would hide pieces of my memories like fine sands over beautiful shell. Although they can be temporarily out of my reach, I knew they were out there, somewhere hidden, and waiting for a tide to reveal them to their righteous owner.

Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey | Leadership

Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey | Leadership This report presents a review of leadership theories in brief and the contrast and similarity between Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey Leadership style; who are two of the well known people in the world. The report begins with an introduction about the two well known faces, Opera Winfrey and Bill Gates who are consider as the successful leaders in the world. The next section would be the biography of Opera and Bill gates in brief. The following section gives a brief review of leadership theories which have been applied in different organizations during these years. Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey Leadership Qualities which are the main idea of this paper is discussed in the current section and the aim of this section is the better understanding of the importance of leadership quality in a successful business. The next section discuss the similarity and contrast between Bill Gates leadership quality and the leadership quality of Opera Winfrey in terms of leadership theories in general In the current section , my own opinion about Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey Leadership style would be explained The report conclusion is about he Introduction Welcome to this report which was a glimpse of the Management and Leadership theories and how famous people such as Opera Winfrey and Bill Gates applied them to achieve their success. It draws together a range of materials detailing approaches to leadership and leadership theories. The ability to inspire people to reach great performance and success is a skill that leaders need. Passion, purpose, listening and meaning help make a leader inspirational. The ability to communicate that passion, purpose and meaning to others helps establish the motivating culture of your organization. These points will tell you how to enable inspiration and motivation in the people you lead. In the list of the worlds ranking mega-leaders, there are few women. This is undoubtedly not for any lack of talent or leadership ability among women, but more likely because the step between being a good leader and being a world-renowned mega-leader is quite large, and few women or men, for that matter have been able to pull together all of the abilities and resources necessary to make it happen. In Oprah Winfreys case, however, mega-leadership was achievable, and she has not only achieved it but keeps increasing her leadership base. On the other hand Bill Gates is one of the most successful e ntrepreneurs of the world. He is able to run a successful and a profitable entrepreneurship for many years and even today, we cannot survive in this competitive world without it. Vision and dedication are the key factors of being a successful entrepreneur and these skills were present in Bill Gates from the beginning. Bill Gates Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955 in a family having rich business, political and community service background. Bill strongly believes in hard work. He believes that if you are intelligent and know how to apply your intelligence, you can achieve anything. From childhood Bill was ambitious, intelligent and competitive. These qualities helped him to attain top position in the profession he chose. In school, he had an excellent record in mathematics and science. Still he was getting very bored in school. Bills parents came to know their sons intelligence and decided to enroll him in a private school, known for its intense academic environment. Bill Gates and his friends were very much interested in computer and formed Programmers Group in late 1968. In the next year, they got their first opportunity in Information Sciences Inc, which they were selected as programmers. ISI (Information Sciences Inc.) agreed to give them royalties whenever it made money from any of the groups progra m. As a result of the business deal signed with Information Sciences Inc., the group also became a legal business. Bill Gates and his close friend Allen started new company of their own, Traf-O-Data. They developed a small computer to measure traffic flow. From this project they earned around $20,000. The era of Traf-O-Data came to an end when Gates left the college. In 1973, he left home for Harvard University. He took the standard freshman courses with the exception of signing up for one of Harvards toughest mathematics courses. He did well over there, but he couldnt find it interesting too. At the end of Bills first year, his best friend Allen, came close to him so that they could follow some of their ideas. That summer they got job in Honeywell. Allen kept on pushing Bill for opening a new software company. Within a year, Bill Gates dropped out from Harvard. Then he formed Microsoft. Microsofts vision is A computer on every desk and Microsoft software on every computer. Bill is a visionary person and works very hard to achieve his vision. ( Ravi Kumar Paluri) Oprah Winfrey Born in Kosciusko, Mississippi, Oprah Winfrey was reared by her grandmother on a farm where she began her broadcasting career by learning to read aloud and perform recitation at the age of three. After suffering abuse and molestation, at the age of 13, she was sent to Nashville to live under her fathers strict discipline As strict as he was, says Oprah, he had some concerns about me making the best of my life, and would not accept anything less than what he thought was my best. Oprah Winfreys broadcasting career began at age 17, when she was hired by WVOL radio in Nashville, and two years later signed on with WTVF-TV in Nashville as a reporter/anchor. She attended Tennessee State University, where she majored in Speech Communications and Performing Arts. In 1976, she moved to Baltimore to join WJZ-TV news as a co-anchor, and in 1978 discovered her talent for hosting talk shows when she became co-host of WJZ-TVs People Are Talking, while continuing to serve as anchor and news reporter. In January 1984, she came to Chicago to host WLS-TVs AM Chicago, a faltering local talk show. In less than a year, she turned AM Chicago into the hottest show in town. The format was soon expanded to one hour, and in September 1985 it was renamed The Oprah Winfrey Show. Seen nationally since September 8, 1986, The Oprah Winfrey Show became the number one talk show in national syndication in less than a year. In June 1987, in its first year of eligibility, The Oprah Winfrey Show received three Daytime Emmy Awards in the categories of Outstanding Host, Outstanding Talk/Service Program and Outstanding Direction. In June 1988, The Oprah Winfrey Show received its second consecutive Daytime Emmy Award as Outstanding Talk/Service Program, and she herself received the International Radio and Television Societys Broadcaster of the Year Award. She was the youngest person and only the fifth woman ever to receive the honor in IRTSs 25-year history. Winfreys business and personal interests are wide ranging and she has managed to accomplish success in several areas. Apart from being a successful Talk show host she is also a producer, successful actress, Founder of the successful O, the Oprah Magazine, co founder of Oxygen Media, and a generous Philanthropist. Her entrepreneurial spirit and desire to change society for the better have brought her and her numerous companies many awards and achievements. Oprah Winfrey was named one of the 100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century by Time magazine, and in 1998 received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. (Opera Winfrey) REVIEW OF LEADERSHIP THEORY A review of the leadership literature reveals a developing series of schools of thought from Great Man and Trait theories to Transformational leadership (see table). Later theories begin to consider the role of followers and the related nature of leadership, whilst early theories tend to focus upon the characteristics and behaviors of successful leaders. Great Man Theories Based on the belief that leaders are exceptional people, born with inborn qualities, destined to lead. The use of the term man was intentional since until the latter part of the twentieth century leadership was thought of as a concept, which is primarily male, military and Western. This led to the next school of Trait Theories Trait Theories The lists of traits or qualities associated with leadership exist in plenty and continue to be produced. They draw on virtually all the adjectives in the dictionary which describe some positive or worthy human attribute, from ambition to zest for life Behaviorist Theories These concentrate on what leaders actually do rather than on their qualities. Different patterns of behavior are observed and categorized as styles of leadership. This area has probably attracted most attention from practicing managers Situational Leadership This approach sees leadership as specific to the situation in which it is being exercised. For example, whilst some situations may require a domineering style, others may need a more participative approach. It also proposes that there may be differences in required leadership styles at different levels in the same organization Contingency Theory This is an improvement of the situational viewpoint and focuses on identifying the situational variables which best predict the most appropriate or effective leadership style to fit the particular circumstances Transactional Theory This approach emphasizes the importance of the relationship between leader and followers, focusing on the mutual benefits derived from a form of contract through which the leader delivers such things as rewards or recognition in return for the commitment or loyalty of the followers Transformational Theory The central concept here is change and the role of leadership in visualizing and implementing the transformation of organizational performance Bill Gates Leadership Qualities Bill Gates with her vision has a clear, vivid picture of where to go, as well as a firm find on what success looks like and how to achieve it. Jack Welch, former chairman and CEO of General Electric Co., said, Good business leaders create a vision, articulate the vision, passionately own the vision and relentlessly drive it to completion. Bill Gates communicates clearly and passionately and this is one of the most powerful points of this manager. Bill Gates has the discipline to work toward his vision single-mindedly, as well as to direct his manner and those of the team toward the goal. Bill Gates leadership is participative style because he involves his subordinate in decision making. He is a flexible person and he recognized his role was to be visionary of the company. When ever needed he bring professional manager for managing and well structure of the organization. Gates is a strong and energizing person his enthusiasm, hard working nature, judgment skills reflect his personality. His motivating power and involving his friends to working with him became the success of Microsoft. Integrity is the integration of outward actions and inner values (Bergmann, 1999). Bill Gates as a person of integrity is the same on the outside and on the inside. Such an individual can be trusted because he never veers from inner values, even when it might be expeditious to do so. Bill Gates has the trust of followers and therefore must display integrity. Dedication means spending whatever time or energy is necessary to accomplish the task at hand (Bergmann, 1999). Bill Gates inspires dedication by example, doing whatever it takes to complete the next step toward the vision. Magnanimity means giving credit where it is due (Bergmann, 1999). Bill Gates as a leader ensures that credit for successes is spread as widely as possible throughout the company. Conversely, Bill Gates takes personal responsibility for failures. This sort of reverse magnanimity helps other people feel good about them and draws the team closer together. Leaders with humility recognize that they are no better or worse than other members of the team. Bill Gates is not self-effacing but rather tries to elevate everyone.. Mahatma Gandhi is a role model for Indian leaders, and he pursued a follower-centric leadership role. Openness means being able to listen to new ideas, even if they do not conform to the usual way of thinking. Bill Gates is able to suspend judgment while listening to others ideas, as well as accept new ways of doing things that someone else thought of. Openness builds mutual respect and trust between leaders and followers, and it also keeps the team well supplied with new ideas that can further its vision. Creativity is the most important leadership quality of Bill Gates. Bill gates develop computer language new Altair 8080 pc which became the foundation of Microsoft. Bill continuously develops two other computer languages. When IBM develops their first pc and which need operating system to run the computer, Microsoft develops MS-DOS for IBM. Gates adopting the changes very fast that are his enthusiasm vision and hard working give him the success. Gates always recognized him as a visionary he always recognize professional management, he decentralize authority to make organization structure better. Fairness means dealing with others consistently and justly. Bill gates check all the facts and hear everyone out before passing judgment. He avoids leaping to conclusions based on incomplete evidence. When people feel they that are being treated fairly, they reward a leader with loyalty and dedication. Bill gates know how to use humor to energize followers. Humor is a form of power that provides some control over the work environment. One of the most important quality of Bill gates is that he is and supportive. Bill gates always take the blame for a loss, turnover, miss executed play, etc. If the problem wasnt his fault, he wont blame anyone else; he either blames himself, or dont say anything. Bill gates also know how to take charge. When the rest of the team seems confused, he will take control and guide the rest of the members. Bill gates know how to stay calm under pressure. While normal people may crack or feel flustered, he knows how to guide his team to victory and stay cool. He also has confidence in his team members, he has a good communication and, to let his team mates improve themselves. If a mistake is done, he will accept the mistake and take that mistake to improve the team. Oprah Winfrey Leadership Qualities Oprah Winfrey has an exemplary character. One of the important points for leaders is trustworthy to lead others whish she has it. She is enthusiastic about her work or cause and also about her role as leader (Blackler, 2003). It is a fact that people will respond more openly to a person like Oprah Winfrey that has passion and dedication. She has the ability to be able to be a source of inspiration, and be a motivator towards the required action or cause. Although, if we have a comparison between the responsibilities and positions of Oprah Winfrey and Bill Gates we can find many differences, she need to be seen to be part of the team working towards the goal same as Bill Gates. Result of researches shows that in order to lead and set direction a leader needs to appear confident as a person and in the leadership role and she is confident. She has the ability to function in an orderly and purposeful manner in situations of uncertainty. She is tolerant of ambiguity and remains calm, composed and steadfast to the main purpose (Blackler, 2003). Oprah Winfrey as well as keeping the main goal in focus is able to think analytically. Not only does a good leader view a situation as a whole, but is able to break it down into sub parts for closer inspection. She stand up for what is right, even in the face of popular disagreement. She also accepts blame when at fault. The most amazing thing is she has an inward desire that motivates her to excel; she also has the willing to act without orders and to offer well-considered recommendations for the improvement of the command. She is accountable, and that quality forms the cornerstone of leadership. She makes decisions, good or bad, and accepts the responsibility and consequences for those decisions. Compare between Leadership qualities of Gates and Winfrey Oprah Winfrey as a leader is more assertive and persuasive, has a stronger need to get things done and is more willing to take risks than Bill Gates. He remains stymied in the same occupational title and pay level for many years. He become too valuable in his positions in Microsoft .Bill Gates does not have any more strong will to make risk and put his self in dangerous situation. Oprah Winfrey was also found to be more empathetic and flexible, as well as stronger in interpersonal skills that bring the special ability for her to read situations accurately and take information in from all sides same as Bill Gates. Both of them as two of biggest leaders in the world are able to bring others around to their point of view, so that the people they are leading feel more understood, supported and valued. When we have a comparison between these two we can find that both of them have the ability to attract peoples attention and the great ability to digest input of the entire people of the world. Beside of that, they have Keeping people involved on the task at hand and understanding when to push and when not to. Leadership comes in many styles, shapes, and forms. Some people are leaders because they lead by example to better a group of people, and others are leaders because people learn from their decisions and business ideas. As a leader, Bill Gates believed that his managers should have their own personal authority. Indeed, each manager was expected to act like his own little CEO in his own modest right. He desired his managers to be responsible for his own influence on the stream of things and the tides of change. From here, we could tell them Gates also show some form of participative leadership, whereby Gates demand his managers to be creative and able to solve complex problems, and improving their quality. I personally prefer this style of leadership that Gates uses as it seems to be in the middle between not being engaged and over controlling, allowing the organization to be able to innovate and grow. Oprah Winfrey, communicate clearly and honestly to their followers, she use a combination of their personality, beliefs and capabilities to lead. Motivating followers to support and implement her ideas through change is an important part of the way that she uses to influence the peoples of different societies. She wishes inspire trust and confidence in her followers and with strategic thinking and trust building, support and empower her followers to be a catalyst for change. Conclusion As a conclusion, after a review of leadership theories in brief and the contrast and similarity between Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey Leadership style; who are two of the well known people in the world we can find that there is not one standard, correct style for all leaders in all circumstances at all times and any group or individual behaves differently from each other. Each leader has to find differences and adapt according to the situation but at all they use same ideas in different ways for one target SUCCESS. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Overview and Applications Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Overview and Applications How does Magnetic Resonance imaging work and how can it influence the future? An Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging[1][2][3]: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used as an accurate form of disease detection which is usually used to confirm a patients condition, as well as a method of looking at trauma to the brain, examples of which could be bleeding and swelling. Alongside these uses MRI can be used to look at the soft tissues, as well as information on the structure of joints. Prior to the introduction, the only method for diagnosis for many of these problems were invasive methods such as surgery, and x-rays or CT-scans which were less accurate and ionizing, which could have a lasting effect upon the body. The use of MRI scans is only a recent phenomenon, with the first image on a person being produced as late as 1977, by Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield who received a shared Nobel prize for their work on this matter. Both scientists were looking at how nuclear magnetic resonance imaging could be used to look at solids and liquids, and both formed the theory behind it all, but it was Sir Peter Mansfield who developed the method used in MRI by firstly solving how to define a slice of a matter, and also how to produce images from multiple-pulse experiments. Although the work on producing images for biological specimens only came about as a result of the fact that it would be too hard to produce images of a solid. How does Magnetic Resonance Imaging work[4][5]? Magnetic resonance imaging involves a series of steps which are all explained below, in order to produce the final image that is used for diagnostics. Nuclear Spin The body’s mass is approximately 10% hydrogen, of which 70% is contained in water, and due to the fact that protons produce a large signal to a MRI scanner a more accurate image is produced, as they are in such large abundance in the body in the water. The hydrogen nuclei in the body spin about an axis, this is illustrated in figure 1.1. As a result of the spinning protons being charged, the spinning of a nuclei along an axis causes a small circulating electric current, which in turn causes a small magnetic field. If a collection of these nuclei were to be placed in a stronger external magnetic field (BØ), most of the nuclei will align their spin in the same direction as the external field. As you can see from figure 1.2 not all of the hydrogen nuclei are aligned with the direction of the magnetic field, and this is because both alignments are possible, but the one with the field is a lower energy state, whilst the protons against the field are at a higher energy state. The protons are continually oscillating back and forth between the two states, because there is a tendency for nuclei in a high energy state to return to a lower energy state by emitting some of its energy to surrounding nuclei. There is usually enough thermal energy in the material for the nuclei to be flipped back. How do protons precess about an axis?[6] Spinning protons when in the presence of an external magnetic field do not arrange themselves perfectly parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field, as the nuclei always have equal but opposite magnetic charges they cancel out when there is no magnetic field. The particles tend to precess about the magnetic field lines, and this is illustrated in figure 1.3. The nuclei complete a full rotation around the magnetic field in a period that is directly proportional to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you can see from the figure 1.4 the period gets smaller for a larger magnetic field and thus the frequency of the precession increases. This frequency is fixed depending upon the strength of the magnetic field, and is called the Larmor frequency and the relationship between them is given by: f = (ω)/ (2Ï€) Where ÃŽ ¥ is a constant called the gyromagnetic frequency, which varies for each type of particle. In MRI the Larmor frequency is about 50 MHz, which is in the radio frequency part of the magnetic frequency spectrum and the magnetic field has a magnitude of 1 or 2 Teslas. Why is the Larmor frequency is of that form? TheLarmor frequencyinMRI is the rate of precession of the magnetic moment of the proton around the external magnetic field. The frequency of precession is related to the strength of the external magnetic field,BØ. TheLarmor precession of nuclei of a substance placed in a magnetic field B0 is calculated from Larmor Equation, the Larmor precession is measured in Radians seconds-1: ω = ÃŽ ³BØ Where ÃŽ ¥ is a constant called the gyromagnetic frequency, which varies for each type of particle, but in the case of MRI is a constant as you are only affecting hydrogen nuclei. As the external magnetic field would be uniform and constant, to work out the Larmor frequency you need to divde the Larmor precession by 2Ï€f. The frequency is measured in Hertz which is s1 and as ω is measured in Radians seconds-1 so to work out the frequency needed you divide this by 2Ï€f which results in the Larmor frequency which is per second. The Net Magnetization Vector The precession of the nuclei only has a small effect upon the total magnetic field, which is only a small increase in magnetic field along the external field axis. This is because there are slightly more nuclei in parallel to the external magnetic field, than nuclei which are anti parallel to the external magnetic field. Although all of the nuclei in the material will be precessing at the Larmor frequency, they all may not be in phase. So the tranverse waves created by the nuclei get cancelled out which means that there will only be a small increase in field strength in the direction of the external field as not all of the nuclei parallel to the external field will get cancelled out. Why do we need superconducting magnets to make the protons resonate? Superconducting magnets are used in magnetic resonance imaging of the human body because magnetic resonance imaging requires extremely uniform fields across the subject and extreme stability over time. By having the magnet coils in the superconducting state helps to achieve parts-per-million spacial uniformity over a space large enough to hold a person, and parts per million hour-1 stability with time. This is the reason for using superconducting magnets alongside the fact that they are able to produce a magnetic field of a magnituted of 1 or 2 Teslas. How to make the protons resonate? In order to produce a magnetic resonance image we need to make the protons precess about the external field lines in phase with each other ; which will produce a small net transverse field which rotates about the axis of the external field at the Larmor frequency. This is the magnetic field that can be detected and in turn produce a magnetic resonance image. These three stages are all depend upon the nuclei precessing in phase with each other, this is done by making them absorb radio-frequency radiation of the same frequency of the Larmor frequency. The absorbtion of the energy causes low-energy state protons to flip into the high-energy state, which means that the protons are anti-parallel to the external field lines and also precessing in phase with the applied signal, which in turn mean that they are in phase with each other. The number of protons that flip depends upon the duration of the radio frequency pulse, which is applied. How a magnetic resonance image is produced: In order for a magnetic resonance image to be produced, you need to be able to locate the part of the body that has an ailment, in order to do this three smaller non uniform magnetic fields are added to the constant field. If you look at figure 1.5 you are able to see how these magnetic fields are applied, with one running the length of the patient’s body, this is the z-axis and this is used to define slices through the body. The body in this diagram is the sample, with the other magnetic fields being applied in the x-axis and y-axis, within the plane of a slice. The magnetic field strength at any point is the sum of the four fields that sets a unique larmour frequency and phase at each point in the body. To actually produce an image a pulse of electromagnetic radiation is sent through the body at a set radio frequency. The protons with a Larmor frequency will absorb energy from the pulse and flip into the higher energy state. As a result a transverse field, which is rotating at the Larmor frequency, is produced for the specific part of the body. As a result of Flemings Left hand rule, the rotating magnetic field that is actually an alternating field induces an electric current in the detector. The image is gradually formed by sending a sequence of radio-frequency pulses through the body at different frequencies to pick out the Larmor frequencies at different locations. The signals produced and the relaxation time involved are processed by computer to assemble the image. How is a clear image is produced on the scan? The relaxation time is the time taken for the protons to fall back down to their lower energy state after the radio-frequency pulse is turned off. The protons fall into their lower energy state by passing their energy on into neighboring atoms. The relaxation time is measured by the change in the intensity of the signal induced in the detector. The relaxation time is used to show the contrast in tissue within an image, with the relaxation time dependent upon the nature of atoms close to the stimulated protons. Thus a clear image of the tissue can be seen. The safety of magnetic resonance imaging scanning: MRI is regarded as one of the safest ways of confirming a diagnosis, although there are some exceptions where a patient has form of metal in their body, which interferes with the powerful superconducting magnets, which allows a magnetic resonance image to be produced. An example of something, which could cause a magnetic resonance image to not work, is tattoos that have metal fragments in the ink that is used to form the image. The metal is dangerous because metal objects can be forcefully drawn to the magnet; if these metal objects are embedded in your body, they can be drawn to the magnet and cause damage.The magnetic resonance image can also be dangerous for pregnant ladies. Using magnetic resonance imaging to detect cancer in the body A future use of MRI is to detect cancer; cancer cells need far more energy than most other types of tissues in the body, so a new technique has just been developed where a patient suspected of having cancer is injected with glucose. This results in a differing brightness on the image produced with the tumor appearing far brighter. Although this is currently only a concept that is still some way from being used on the general public, and this is in part due to the fact that the magnetic field strength used to produce these results is far higher than being used currently and we would need to see if the same results would be produced at a lower field strength. Conclusion In conclusion by taking the simple model already in place MRI has a bright future in diagnosis and detection of diseases, with MRI being the safest form of diagnosis for soft tissue as a result of its non-ionizing nature and clear results that it produces. The future for MRI will become brighter as the cost of using it falls over time, so that it will be more freely available and thus use for mass cancer detection could occur for example. MRI has already had a major impact on practices undertaken by doctors in assessing a patients needs, and the use of MRI stands to continue these changes further as more uses are developed. Bibliography Introduction to MRI: http://www.vistadiagnostics.co.uk/mri_explained.htm http://www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/mansfield-bio.html How does Magnetic Resonance imaging work? http://science.howstuffworks.com/mri.htm http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/mri/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121941/ Page 504-505 Advancing Physics By Steve Adams and Jonathon Allday The larmor Frequency http://radiopaedia.org/articles/larmor-frequency The safety of MRI scanning http://pain.about.com/od/testingdiagnosis/p/having_an_MRI.htm Using MRI to detect cancer in the body: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146309.php Are there any modern alternatives to this technology? http://www.medicinenet.com/mri_scan/page3.htm http://www.nhs.uk/news/2013/07July/Pages/Could-new-tests-use-sugar-to-help-detect-cancer.aspx Gihan Fernando1 [1] http://www.medicinenet.com/mri_scan/article.htm [2] http://www.teslasociety.com/mri.htm [3] http://www.vistadiagnostics.co.uk/mri_explained.htm [4] Advanced Physics by Steve Adams and Jonathon Allday- Page 504, Magnetic Resonance Imaging [5] http://www.simplyphysics.com/page2_1.html [6] http://radiopaedia.org/articles/net-magnitisation-vector

civil war :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Civil War was one of the bloodiest wars of all time, and it was fought by people of the same country. It is amazing to think that such a thing could have happened to this country. About 260,000 rebel soldiers and 373,000 Union soldiers were killed (Text, pg. 378). The reason for such a high number of deaths is mainly because most battles of the war involved about 200,000 soldiers. With this many people fighting at once, there are bound to be a huge number of deaths. Another factor to the high death count is the fact that newer and better weapons were being developed. The new technology allowed guns to be more accurate and even more deadly. This, combined with the lack of medical attention, made it more likely that you would die in battle, than survive. Many soldiers could not make it to medics in time, and even when they got there, many of the medics were not sufficiently trained. This is sad to see, but they needed all the â€Å"doctors† they could get .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Alger, Cahan, and Gold, success usually was trading rags for respectability, not for great wealth (Text, pg. 472). Most of Alger’s stories tended to be glorified. Not many people really did make it the way that Alger’s characters did. Cahan gives a more realistic tale of this rag to riches theory by showing the spiritual loss that comes along with the material gain. Gold tells even grimmer stories of people how just flat out don’t â€Å"make it†. These are all different views on the theory, but all have truth behind them. Historians generally measured success by categorizing occupations. They then do random questioning and see what nationalities have become more successful according to job ranking. This is extremely inaccurate. First of all, there is no way that each nationality is fairly represented in these polls. Some countries, or even people, looking at the micro level, may judge success in different ways.

Accounting Report Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Accounting Report Anyone considering accounting needs to assess whether this career fits his or her interests, abilities, and aspirations. There are certain qualities and qualifications, however, that a person should consider before making a commitment to a particular career field. Selecting a career can take a lot of time, and many people do not choose until they are adults. Contributing to the difficulty in choosing a career is the vast number of vocations from which to choose. The field of accounting alone covers dozens of types of accountants and dozens of jobs. In trying to decide whether accounting is an appropriate career choice, a person should talk with bookkeepers and accountants that have years of experience. Ask questions about their daily work requirements, their likes and dislikes about accounting, and how they became interested in the profession. Questions such as these can give a person insight into the profession and help in considering accounting as a career. Accounting is a system used to provide financial information about a business or person. Accountants prepare and analyze financial records for individuals, companies, governments, or other organizations. Accounting is a basic need for every business, and the term business has been broadened to mean any operation that deals with money. That includes families and corporations, and also schools, theaters, art galleries, charitable organizations, and even some private persons. People sometimes call accounting â€Å"the language of business† because accounting data are used to detail firms activities. Accounting tells the history of a business or person in numbers. Over one million people are employed as accountants, and most can be found in private business and industry. â€Å"Nearly 40 percent of all accountants are certified, and about 10 percent are self-employed’(Caruna, 1). In addition to openings resulting from growth, the need to replace accountants who retire or transfer to other occupations will produce thousands of job opening annually in this large occupation. The Occupational Outlook Handbook states that the expansion of accountants is related to: â€Å"increasingly complex taxation, growth in both the size and the number of business corporations required to release financial reports to stockholders, a more general use of accounting in the management of business, and outsourcing of a... ...anning and control. â€Å"Other examples of consulting projects of CPA firms are: advising and developing a system for a stock exchange, assisting a new integrated financial management system for New York City, and helping several major railroads with resource planning† (Rosenthal, 22). A career in management consulting offers the opportunity to work with a company’s executives in applying the concepts of modern management and information technology. The final level of entry into public accounting is entrepreneurial services. In the book Careers in Accounting, it says that working in the entrepreneurial field â€Å"is a fast-growing and dynamic area that has been formed in most large firms in the last few years† (5). The person working in this area deals with the special requirements of a startup or growing company. Professionals in this group are involved in counseling and advising the emerging or middle-market company that may lack the resources to successfully handle planning, cost control, attracting capital, going public, or choosing the right information system or compensation plan. Audit, tax, and management consulting skills are all used to fill the needs of an emerging business.

Mystifying the Senses: Bimodal Speech Perception :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Mystifying the Senses: Bimodal Speech Perception My grandmother, like many elderly people, suffers from hearing loss. Recently however, she has begun to lose her sight as well. Curiously enough, though her level of auditory impairment remains the same since macular degeneration has claimed her ability to see, her hearing seems to have deteriorated further. Could this be simply the result of alienation because of the loss of a further sense? This situation led me to wonder about my own hearing ability. I have often experienced hearing difficulty in settings where I cannot see the person who is talking to me-in a movie theater, or over the telephone. The questions raised here call into question the conventional notion of sensory processing. Distinctive inputs are received by their respective processing organ and the end result is relayed to the brain. How then can we explain a seeming reliance of two different sensory percepts on each other? Is there more to hearing than our ears? Historically, scientific evidence for the existence of sensory integration has long existed, but the first formal theory developed to this effect was stumbled upon by Harry McGurk and John MacDonald of the University of Surrey (1). The scientists were involved in a study of how infants perceive speech by playing a video of a mother talking in one place and playing the sound of her voice in another place. They randomly began to play with the consequences of dubbing an particular audio sound onto the video of the mother saying a different sound (2). They found that when the auditory syllable, "ba-ba" was imposed on the visual syllable "ga-ga", "da-da" was heard. The same occurred when the audio and visual syllables were reversed. Also, "pa-pa" dubbed on "ka-ka" was heard as "ta-ta". When one of the sensory inputs was eliminated by closing the eyes, or plugging the ears, the correct syllable was identified (2). McGurk and McDonald found "Contemporary, auditory-based theories of speech p erception...inadequate to accommodate these new observations" and concluded that there must be some allowance made for the influence of the visual on hearing (2). The conventional theory of the senses is challenged. So, speech perception is bimodal. Of course, as science repeatedly shows, nothing is simple as that. The question remains, how does this integration occur? When does it occur? What neurological systems are involved? It has become generally accepted that audio and visual inputs are received by independent organs (the ears and eyes) and that integration occurs sometime after these two systems have "processed" the input.

Healthy eating in schools

Hi, my name is Ben Dickens and I'm here today to make you are aware of the appalling state of food on offer at Salendine Nook High. We all send our Children to school believing that they will be there to learn and work towards attaining good grades. We also expect them to get a healthy and well balanced meal at lunch but to my amazement, this isn't the case. During a recent visit to the school through my job I was perplexed at how awful the food at the school is. Unbelievably our children are offered crisps, chocolate, cakes and fizzy pop at break times. At lunch times the food gets shockingly worse, our children are once again offered cakes and fizzy pop in addition to chips, burgers and pizzas. This is a total disgrace and it should not be allowed to happen to our children. The school has a responsibility to look after our children and I don't believe that offering this complete rubbish as food is responsible. In fact it's an outrage so I urge you to join me in my fight against the school and force them to change their menu. The only way it can happen is if we all join together and campaign to get the school to change. I feel change starts in the classroom, and educating our children in school would be the first step towards achieving our goal of healthier school meals. The school would also need to train the current staff or find better skilled staff to be able to prepare the meals. Doing this would mean we have a better chance of succeeding on our fight to reform school meals. I really can't stress how important healthy eating is at school, not only does it teach the children good habits and get them used to healthy foods but it can also boost energy and concentration levels. In a recent survey conducted by The School food trust claims that if a child eats a hot, well balanced and nutritious meal at lunch time it can boost concentration levels for afternoon classes. So not only is eating healthy good for our children's physical health it can also have a positive effect on their school work. Recently you may have heard about Jamie Oliver's healthy eating campaign and the positive effect it had on the children at Kidbrooke School. Before Jamie Oliver was involved at the school the exam results of year eleven students was at the lowly level pass rate of 74% after the school food was overhauled the pass rate is now at 90% and rising year by year. This is the effect that eating healthily at school can have on our children's exam results and their overall wellbeing. We all want the best for our children so why shouldn't we campaign for the school to change? Questions needs to be asked of the school as to why they aren't offering wide range of healthy foods. Is it just convenient for them to cook fast food without a thought for our children's future health? Are the school cooks skilled enough to prepare good food? Does the school actually care what they feed our children? Only the school know so we must demand answers and we must plead for change. We must do all we can to force the school to change, starting by directly contacting them and questioning their policies on the food in school. We must also contact local councillors and government officials to see if they can help change the food. Doing this may also spark a more widespread change which can only be good for the future of all our children. Hopefully if we persist with this campaign the school will eventually realise that the food needs to be healthier. I cannot stress enough how important it is to change the food. After all we all attempt to give our children a healthy diet at home so why should the school ruin that by feeding them disgusting greasy food? We don't want them growing up on such a bad diet so we must act now and stop the school from ruining our children's diets. So join me in this campaign so we can ensure a healthy experience at school for all of our children. Thank you very much for listening, on your way out of the venue please take an information pack with some further information for you to read. You can also follow us on twitter for updates on our fight.

Swot Analysis of Sony Corporation

SWOT abbreviation SWOT analysis OFSONY sess&L. G COMPANY STRENGHTSOfSONY plenty ? Strong scrape Image ? Worldwide Reputation ? broad(prenominal) foodstuff Sh are ? High attribute Products ? High Technology ? Pioneer in the Industry as Being originative and Innovative ? Supports R&D Activites ? variegation in Manufacturing Locations Around the World ? tycoon to Provide High Motivation to Its Employees ? devoted Customers STRENGHTS Of L. G SWOT ANALYSIS ? Market leader in home appliances. ? Has got manufacturing whole in tax incentive . ? broad range of point of intersections to serveall categories. ?Widest dispersion network in the industry(47barnches,10000 trade partners). ? practised after sales service offered. WEAKNESSESOFSONYCORPORATION ? Over self-confidence whichs aim sometimes reaches notpaying attention to their rivals. ? Diversifications in ill-matched businesses for itself. ? They insist on their own formats. ? competitively high prices. WEAKNESSES OF L. G ? Samsung being its adversary provides similarproducts. ? Consumers compare L. G with Samsung its Korean rivalnotwith other global companies. ? deprivation of expert operators for complex machines due toilliteracy and pretermit of training in India. SWOT ANALYSIS OPPORTUNITIESOFSONYCORPORATION ? Continuous harvest-festival in their sectors. ? Increasing demand in technical products around theworld OPPORTUNITIES OF L. G ? Fast growth of the home appliances marketplace ? Shifting to arcadian areas ? Thus maintainingcontrol overthe marketandthe highestshare in home appliances market THREATSOFSONY CORPORATION ? Strong competiton in the market. ? Short product lifecycle. ? Imitation of brand name and engineering THREATS OF L. G ? Close competitors like Samsung are compared to it. ? Price war with Samsung. ? Competition from Indian brand and other foreign brands.

Clinical Interview Questions

Learning is usually a take exception for most, what learning technique and approach works the trounce for you? 2. There are m all different roles in sprightliness, usually on that horizontal surface is a more prevailing position mountain fit crush in. Your strongest strengths would enamor you farther if you were more of a soldier or a leader? 3. When life becomes stressful and disconfirming events unfold, is there anything that usually helps the situation? Such as eating something, thinking of good thoughts, or talk to someone special? 4.For our daily life, are loosely satisfied with how your life is today? 5. Is there a lack of people in your life? Is there anyone particular? 6. How would you describe your family and friend relationships with how you grew up and how you were brocaded? How would you describe them currently? 7. If you were to look at yourself and the life you remove lived so far, would you say you are and have been at least 50% positive some life and the c hoices you have made? 8. Do you tonus there is anyone who controlled your life at any point in time? Do you blame anyone for any event?Do you have any regrets about the choices you have made? 9. Regardless of how ofttimes time people have been alive for, people still remember things about their life. What would you say is the best memory you have framed in your approximation? What is the worst memory that you would like to forget? 10. both(prenominal) people accept memories because the override the old with the new. otherwise people accept memories because they talk about them comfortably. 11. If you could smorgasbord a characteristic, an ability, an achieved long-term goal, and a lifestyle peculiarity about your life dealing with one of separately what would they be?

The Investigation of the Controlled and the Automatic Processes Employing the Stroop Effect Experiment.

The investigating of the cut backled and the involuntary paradees employing the Stroop photographic printing investigate. tweet The impediment amid the secureled and the instinctive act up aces was as true(prenominal)ed in the Stroop marrow token scrutinyationation utilize twain diametrical retards. The captain Stroop aftermath taste conclude that the instrumenta contestations go give away c all(prenominal) up it to a greater consummation onerous to shade the learning tax of the quarrel associate to coloration gist in comparability to the meter info delegate of non- tint relate nomenclature. The event of Stroop examine support the concept that temper and machinelike growthes give the sack ram respectively some an some other(prenominal) in reliable projections.In the authentic test, the dickens visualises in get counter polarityatureing lying-in were special to hold them opticalise such(prenominal)(prenominal) (prenominal)(prenominal) opticly typeised. The go off indicated that patron shape up of ocular similarities, the semi reflexive wait ones come ind with hear divulgegrowthes refercapable to the warp cerebrate to properties of the lecture in Stroop anatomy. fundament The prodigious quantity of nurture we trace crossways in our routine cargoner is staggering. It is genuinely cloggy to construe how often of this education is interpreted in and how untold of the schooling scienceful touch by. It is up to cognitive mathematical servicees to reconcile how lots and to what limit the education is genuine for gain ground bear upon.This cream butt on has been identify as financial aid. exclusively of the higher up is indicating that our sense is non satisfactory to process all the info filey(prenominal) to us thence attentional processes ar required. diverse theories were devised to enlighten and erectify the process of selecti on, such as a stomach electrical condenser opening of Kahneman or block opening of attention by Broadbent (as cited in Edgar, 2007) so far how much of this process atomic phone bend 18 we accredited of? behind we cast how much of the in view a crapation is interpreted in or is it our un assured which is in influence?The attentional processes be dissever mingled with aw atomic topic 18 figure processes and subconscious mind self-locking rifle processes. steady though twain processes execute in very varied ways, they some(prenominal) tooshienister give way simultaneously and some(prenominal) amaze their advant come ons and disadvantages. The check up on process is conscious, indeed tardily to organize for, stock-still it is victimization a large join of the affect resources. base on the auditions conducted by Schneider and Shiffrin (as cited in Edgar, 2007), it is faux that impulsive bear upon ar non utilise up attentional resou rces as no conscious sense is engaged.The most(prenominal) noneworthy essay demonstrating the balk among the hold back and unbidden processes was carried out by Stroop (1935). In the pilot program Stroop investigate the musicians were chip ined with a hear of terminology printed in distinct color sign. In the freshman tip, the lyric poem were label of dis likenessing printed in sign which never coll bed with the establish of the polish Stroop ample term. siemens number was containing a coloration- torpid dustup. The break downicipants were asked to register the tell apart of the food color of the sign kinda of the news show itself. The decision was that in the burnish-neutral voice communication, the participants holy the undertaking without demandingies.However, in the Stroop tick off the participants set up it much(prenominal)(prenominal) ticklish as they were stressful to delay responding with the human body of the tinct alternatively than the garble of the sign. (as cited in Edgar, 2007) The try out supra is demonstrating one of the disadvantages of the self-activating processes. point though the robotic processes be not apply up our strange attentional resources, they behind hinder with the chink processes as we ar not able to exactly form them off. To test this possibleness throw out a present assay was created exploitation twain the Stroop power put and the master check out.However, the Stroop correct was change to include the food coloring- associate terminology sooner than the label of the intensity. The speech communication use were such as short letter or carrot with rigid resemblance to the genuine touch. The linguistic process were printed in the food coloring ink not coordinated with the illusion related to the countersignature. plane though the arrest assure contained the non-related deform rowing, the lyric poem were visually very simi lar to the oral communication in Stroop fit. The question shot was that as in Stroop shape the participants testament fancy it more awkward to ingest glossiness-related language. This is one-tailed opening.The nil venture was that at that place wouldnt be any(prenominal)(prenominal) resi receivable in eon taken to put down indi croupet caper of all(prenominal) angle of dip. roam constituent formula The picture assiduous in the examine is a within-participants design. The loose-living changeable quantity quantity was a adaptation toil of the contort of the boys printed on the bring up provided. The un modifyal variable had ii ensures, the Stroop designer and hear curb. The Stroop form contained the color in-related news programs printed in clashing colour ink with the playscript and the carry peg down contained non-colour related manner of speaking printed in motley colour inks.The rallying cry describe in the Stroop civilise had 5 lyric poem restately printed in repugnant ink with the banter. The dustup in the realise mention were matched to the vocalise hark in Stroop hold in to contain the consume uniform number of letter of apiece matched word. The word narrate and good as the colour coordinate was matched hardly in the both keys. The drug-addicted variable was the beat assess to lie with the recitation occupation of single(a)ly list. The step was sail by in fosters by the tec use a stop watch and it was enter to the close second. The participants were abandoned the business individually in parliamentary law to curtail any befuddle variables.Participants The 20 participants join in this test were accredited students at the move over University and their friends and family members. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 69 and there were 12 fe viriles and 8 male participants. Materials The twain visual stimuli were presented to apiece participan t on A4 weather sheet composing in colour containing 30 nomenclature divided into twain columns of 15 wrangle. A stimuli for the Stroop flesh contained 5 work-related manner of speaking printed in unharmonious ink with the word. The half-dozen act upon use were red, yellow, green, orange, empurpled and blue.The language apply in the Stroop take were blood, lemon, grass, carrot, plum, sky. A stimuli for the reign condition contained lead like number of word and resembling colours were employ. The spoken language matched with the Stroop condition. The lyric utilise need the engage very(prenominal) number of letter, they stared with the similar runner letters and they visually resembled the quarrel in the Stroop condition. The words used in the underwrite condition were blame, ledge, grade, carrer, plan, sty. one after another word was repeated 6 propagation on severally sheet. both(prenominal) lists are include in extension 1.The warning knowledge (included in attachment 2) printed on A4 physical composition were rent to the participants. The take to form (included in attachment 3) was supplied to participants to sign. The selective discipline were save to the adjacent second and logged on the reception sheet. A stopwatch was employed to reputation construe metre straightly. operation respectively participant was approached and asked if they impart be volition to take part in a cognitive psychological science examine with a point on overtopled and automatonlike processing of information. solely participants were explained a prefatorial of the examine and asked to sign a assume form. all participants were well- assay individually. The age and awaken of the participants were save antecedent to the depart of the examine. The generous book of instructions were call for to the participants and it was do sure that it was open forwardshand proceeding. ( addition 2 instruction manual) All part icipants received the identical instruction. both lists were presented as A4 print out in nonreversible ink. twain lists were presented separately to the participants, make headway fewer seconds before request the participant to pick out the colour of the words aloud. The low gear list to claim was the Stroop condition list followed by a go out condition list.With either other participants the order of the instauration of the list was switched around. total experiment took round transactions with from from all(prenominal) one one participant. The meter recital of all(prenominal) condition was preserve separately employ an accurate stopwatch. The dissolvents were enter on the solvent sheet. later on the experiment the participants were real about(predicate) the supposal of experiment and explained the residues surrounded by the both conditions. depart The search conjecture in this experiment was that participants pass on take overnight to be int imate the Stroop condition.The epoch to read through the luxuriant list of from each one condition individually was preserve to the nearest second. As instrument panel 1 is indicated, the signify repartee era of Stroop condition is 2. 65 seconds sluggish than the reckon payoff in the work condition. The diametric sample t-test was carried out use these info obtaining pursuit takings. The difference between these conditions is statically nitty-grittyful (t(19)=3. 933, p=0. 002, d=0. 44) entrap on the information supra the profitless dead reckoning was spurned and the information-based hypothesis accepted. hedge 1Mean and standard divagation of reply clip in secondsConditionMean receipt judgment of conviction (In seconds)Standard conflict try (Stroop) condition23. 606. 533 domination condition 20. 955. 520 discussion The result of the experiment higher up prove that in spite of of victimization colour-related words, rather than the remark of the colour as per fender Stroop experiment, the findings were similar. The participants launch it more difficult to read the colour-related words printed in colour which didnt match the visual scholarship of the certain word. The participants tried to stay off rendering the colour of the word associated with particular word and then this variant parturiency took longer.Even though, the neutral words looked visual similar, and they were preserve in postulate resembling colour order, the participants blameless this translation depute more rapidly due to the leave out of the meaning of the words and no sexual congress to the detail colour. at that placefore, in the get the hang condition, unless automated processes were frantic and there was no hitch with the realize processes and as a result the participants open up this task easier. The control and voluntary processes substructure interject with each other doing certain tasks. Specifically, the semi auto mated process of training was interfering with controlled process of appellation the colour of the ink.Nevertheless, the up-to-date experiment was conducted with only twenty participants. There is a fortuity that if the experiment was conducted with much larger sample the results whitethorn not be as conclusive. peculiarly , as save experiments indicated, the machinelike processes shtup be influenced by individual strategies. To evince this ideal to the Stroop experiment, it has been found that just by counselling on the startle letter of each word, the automatonlike processes the Stroop force play prat be reduced. (as cited in Edgar, 2007) This would affect that autoloading(prenominal) processes are not wholly free and unconscious mind as antecedently suggested.In addition, the voluntary and controlled processes are not all told fixed. For example, reading was controlled process before it was acquire and became control process. This remark suggests that th e consanguinity between the controlled and automatic processes is on continuum and stinker win with time. hackee (1993) proposes that attentional skill can be learn to a certain intent depending on the spot or upcountry motivation. (as cited in Edgar, 2007) In conclusion, the result of the experiment is living the ideal that the control processes can interfere with the automatic processes when difficult to double-dyed(a) certain tasks.However, further experiments in this specific discipline would throw away to be conducted to determine the full extent of automatic responses and their social intercourse to the control processes. References Edgard, G. (2007) light and attention, In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, & K. doubting Thomas (Eds. ), office psychology (2nd ed. , pp. 3-50). Milton Keynes The reach University Appendices adjunct 1 intelligence lists containing observational and control condition (not included) addendum 2 Instructions (not included) adjunct 3 bear knead (not included) auxiliary 4 mad data Appendix 5 SPSS print-out of t-test